Compartment syndrome is a serious medical condition caused by excessive pressure within a muscle compartment. This pressure restricts blood flow and can lead to muscle and nerve damage. It commonly affects the legs, arms, feet, buttocks, and abdomen. There are two types of compartment syndrome: acute and chronic. Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency, whereas chronic compartment syndrome develops gradually and is usually related to physical activity.

Types and Causes

Acute compartment syndrome typically occurs after a traumatic injury, such as a car accident, bone fracture, or severe muscle bruise. It can also result from surgical complications or from a cast that is too tight. Chronic compartment syndrome, also known as exertional compartment syndrome, is most often triggered by repeated exercise, such as running, biking, or swimming. It develops slowly over time and is more common in athletes and people with physically demanding jobs.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of compartment syndrome include swelling, tightness, intense pain (especially when stretching), tingling, and a burning sensation in the affected area. The muscle may feel unusually firm or larger than normal. In acute cases, these symptoms appear suddenly and worsen quickly, making immediate treatment critical. Chronic cases tend to produce symptoms only during or after physical activity.

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose compartment syndrome using a combination of physical examinations and tests. A key diagnostic tool is the compartment pressure measurement test, which checks the pressure inside the muscle. In chronic cases, this test may be repeated after exercise. Imaging such as X-rays may also be used to rule out fractures.

Treatment Options

Acute compartment syndrome requires emergency surgery called a fasciotomy, where the fascia is cut open to relieve pressure. Chronic compartment syndrome is usually managed with non-surgical methods such as modifying exercise routines, using anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and orthotics. In persistent cases, surgery may be considered.

Recovery

Recovery from acute compartment syndrome typically takes about a month, while chronic cases may require ongoing adjustments in lifestyle and exercise. With appropriate care and changes, most people experience relief from symptoms and can return to regular activities.