Osteoporosis is often called a “silent disease” because it typically shows no direct symptoms until a bone fracture occurs. Unlike many conditions, it doesn’t cause headaches or fever. The first indication is frequently a broken bone from a minor fall or incident that wouldn’t normally cause such an injury. However, certain subtle changes can signal weakening bones, including a noticeable loss in height (an inch or more), a new stooped or bent posture, shortness of breath due to compressed spinal disks, or lower back pain.

Causes

Our bones are living tissues that constantly rebuild themselves. Until around age 30, bone formation outpaces bone loss. After about age 35, this process reverses, leading to a gradual decline in bone mass. Osteoporosis occurs when this bone loss happens at an accelerated rate, making bones significantly more fragile. For postmenopausal women, this loss can be even more rapid due to hormonal changes.

Who is Most at Risk?

While anyone can develop osteoporosis, several factors increase susceptibility. Unavoidable risks include being over 50, female (especially postmenopause), having a family history of the condition, or having a naturally small or thin frame. Lifestyle choices also play a crucial role; smoking or tobacco use significantly elevates risk.

Medical Conditions:

• Endocrine disorders (like thyroid disease or diabetes)
• Gastrointestinal diseases (celiac disease, IBD)
• Autoimmune conditions affecting bones (rheumatoid arthritis)
• Blood disorders.

Medications:

• Diuretics
• Corticosteroids
• Certain seizure medications
• Anticoagulants
• Proton pump inhibitors
• Hormone therapies for some cancers
• Bariatric surgery

Dietary and Exercise habits:

• Insufficient calcium or vitamin D intake
• Lack of physical activity
• Excessive alcohol consumption (more than two drinks daily)

Diagnosing Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is diagnosed using a bone density test, commonly known as a DEXA or DXA scan. This non-invasive imaging test uses low-level X-rays to measure the calcium and mineral content in your bones, providing an accurate assessment of their strength. It’s an outpatient procedure without needles or injections. Regular bone density tests may be recommended for individuals over 50, those with a family history of osteoporosis, or those diagnosed with osteopenia (low bone mass).

Managing and Treating Osteoporosis

Treatment for osteoporosis aims to slow bone loss, strengthen existing bone, and, most importantly, prevent fractures. A common approach involves regular exercise, particularly weight-bearing activities like walking, yoga, or tai chi, which improve strength and balance without unduly stressing bones. Physical therapy can help tailor exercises to individual needs. Nutritional support through calcium and vitamin D supplements (over-the-counter or prescription) is also vital. Various medications are available, including hormone therapies (estrogen or testosterone) and bisphosphonates. For severe cases or high fracture risk, injectable medications like parathyroid hormone (PTH) may be prescribed.

Preventing Osteoporosis and Falls

Preventing osteoporosis largely revolves around maintaining a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D and engaging in regular exercise. To further reduce injury risk, always use seatbelts, wear appropriate protective gear during sports, keep living and work spaces clear of clutter to prevent trips, use proper equipment for reaching high objects, and consider using a cane or walker if mobility or balance is compromised.