Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a joint disorder in which the bone beneath the cartilage dies due to reduced blood flow. This can cause the bone and cartilage to loosen, leading to pain, swelling, and limited joint movement. While it can occur in various joints, the knee is most commonly affected, followed by the elbow and ankle. The condition often affects children and adolescents, especially those who participate in high-impact sports or activities that place repeated stress on the joints. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to prevent long-term joint damage and complications such as osteoarthritis.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of osteochondritis dissecans remains unclear, but repetitive trauma to a joint is believed to play a major role. Small, repeated injuries may gradually damage the bone and cartilage, reducing blood supply to the affected area. A genetic predisposition may also increase susceptibility in some individuals. The condition primarily affects children and teenagers between 10 and 20 years of age who are highly active in sports, particularly those involving jumping, running, or sudden changes in direction.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms of OCD vary depending on the joint involved and the severity of the lesion. Common signs include joint pain triggered by activity, swelling, tenderness, popping or locking of the joint, weakness, and decreased range of motion. Some individuals may have few symptoms if the bone fragment remains in place. Diagnosis begins with a physical examination to assess tenderness, swelling, and joint movement. Imaging studies, including X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, help confirm the diagnosis and determine the size, location, and stability of the bone fragment.
Treatment Options
Treatment for osteochondritis dissecans aims to relieve pain, restore joint function, and prevent long-term complications. In children whose bones are still growing, rest and joint protection may allow the lesion to heal naturally. Conservative measures include activity modification, immobilization with a splint or brace, and physical therapy focusing on stretching, strengthening, and improving range of motion. Surgery may be necessary if the fragment becomes loose, symptoms persist despite conservative care, or the lesion does not heal once bone growth is complete. Surgical techniques vary depending on the stage and severity of the lesion.
Osteochondritis dissecans is a potentially serious joint condition that, if left untreated, can lead to chronic pain and osteoarthritis. Early recognition, careful monitoring, and a combination of conservative or surgical treatments can help restore joint function and improve long-term outcomes, particularly in active children and adolescents. Proper guidance from a healthcare professional is crucial to managing symptoms and promoting full recovery.
